World Obesity Day

World Health Organization • Mar 04, 2020

What is World Obesity Day?

Obesity and its root causes

World obesity day encourages practical solutions to help people achieve and maintain a healthy weight, undertake proper treatment, and reverse the obesity crisis.

Obesity rates have nearly tripled since 1975 and have increased almost five times in children and adolescents, affecting people of all ages from all social groups in both developed and developing countries. Obesity is a major risk factors for various noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, and various forms of cancer.

People with obesity are constantly shamed and blamed because many - including doctors, policymakers, and others - do not fully understand the root causes of obesity, which are often a complex mixture of dietary, lifestyle, genetic, psychological, sociocultural, economic and environmental factors. It is time we break the cycle of shame and blame and reevaluate our approach for addressing this complex global public health problem.

Together we can make a difference. There is a lot we can do, including restricting the marketing to children of food and drinks high in fats, sugar and salt; taxing sugary drinks, and providing better access to affordable, healthy food. In our cities and towns, we need to make space for safe walking, cycling, and recreation. We must teach our children healthy habits from early on.

WHO is responding to the global obesity crisis on many fronts, including monitoring global trends and prevalence, the development of a broad range of guidance addressing the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity, and providing implementation support and guidance such as the Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity.

Key Facts!

Worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975.
In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 650 million were obese.
39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2016, and 13% were obese.
Most of the world's population live in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight.
40 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2018.
Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in 2016.
Obesity is preventable.

What are obesity and overweight
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.
Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m2).

Adults
For adults, WHO defines overweight and obesity as follows:
overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25; and
obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30.
BMI provides the most useful population-level measure of overweight and obesity as it is the same for both sexes and for all ages of adults. However, it should be considered a rough guide because it may not correspond to the same degree of fatness in different individuals.

For children, age needs to be considered when defining overweight and obesity.

Children under 5 years of age
For children under 5 years of age:
Overweight is weight-for-height greater than 2 standard deviations above WHO Child Growth Standards median; and
obesity is weight-for-height greater than 3 standard deviations above the WHO Child Growth Standards median.
Charts and tables: WHO child growth standards for children aged under 5 years
Children aged between 5–19 years
Overweight and obesity are defined as follows for children aged between 5–19 years:

Overweight is BMI-for-age greater than 1 standard deviation above the WHO Growth Reference median; and
obesity is greater than 2 standard deviations above the WHO Growth Reference median.
Charts and tables: WHO growth reference for children aged between 5–19 years
Facts about overweight and obesity
Some recent WHO global estimates follow.

In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults aged 18 years and older were overweight. Of these over 650 million adults were obese.
In 2016, 39% of adults aged 18 years and over (39% of men and 40% of women) were overweight.
Overall, about 13% of the world’s adult population (11% of men and 15% of women) were obese in 2016.
The worldwide prevalence of obesity nearly tripled between 1975 and 2016.
In 2018, an estimated 40 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight or obese. Once considered a high-income country problem, overweight and obesity are now on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. In Africa, the number of overweight children under 5 has increased by nearly 50 per cent since 2000. Nearly half of the children under 5 who were overweight or obese in 2018 lived in Asia.

Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in 2016.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 5-19 has risen dramatically from just 4% in 1975 to just over 18% in 2016. The rise has occurred similarly among both boys and girls: in 2016 18% of girls and 19% of boys were overweight.

While just under 1% of children and adolescents aged 5-19 were obese in 1975, more 124 million children and adolescents (6% of girls and 8% of boys) were obese in 2016.

Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths worldwide than underweight. Globally there are more people who are obese than underweight – this occurs in every region except parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.

What causes obesity and overweight?

The fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. Globally, there has been:

an increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars; and
an increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization.
Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns are often the result of environmental and societal changes associated with development and lack of supportive policies in sectors such as health, agriculture, transport, urban planning, environment, food processing, distribution, marketing, and education.

What are common health consequences of overweight and obesity?
Raised BMI is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as:

cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease and stroke), which were the leading cause of death in 2012;
diabetes;
musculoskeletal disorders (especially osteoarthritis – a highly disabling degenerative disease of the joints);
some cancers (including endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney, and colon).
The risk for these noncommunicable diseases increases, with increases in BMI.

Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of obesity, premature death and disability in adulthood. But in addition to increased future risks, obese children experience breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and psychological effects.

Facing a double burden of malnutrition
Many low- and middle-income countries are now facing a "double burden" of malnutrition.

While these countries continue to deal with the problems of infectious diseases and undernutrition, they are also experiencing a rapid upsurge in noncommunicable disease risk factors such as obesity and overweight, particularly in urban settings.
It is not uncommon to find undernutrition and obesity co-existing within the same country, the same community and the same household.
Children in low- and middle-income countries are more vulnerable to inadequate pre-natal, infant, and young child nutrition. At the same time, these children are exposed to high-fat, high-sugar, high-salt, energy-dense, and micronutrient-poor foods, which tend to be lower in cost but also lower in nutrient quality. These dietary patterns, in conjunction with lower levels of physical activity, result in sharp increases in childhood obesity while undernutrition issues remain unsolved.

How can overweight and obesity be reduced?
Overweight and obesity, as well as their related noncommunicable diseases, are largely preventable. Supportive environments and communities are fundamental in shaping people’s choices, by making the choice of healthier foods and regular physical activity the easiest choice (the choice that is the most accessible, available and affordable), and therefore preventing overweight and obesity.

At the individual level, people can:

limit energy intake from total fats and sugars;
increase consumption of fruit and vegetables, as well as legumes, whole grains and nuts; and
engage in regular physical activity (60 minutes a day for children and 150 minutes spread through the week for adults).
Individual responsibility can only have its full effect where people have access to a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, at the societal level it is important to support individuals in following the recommendations above, through sustained implementation of evidence based and population based policies that make regular physical activity and healthier dietary choices available, affordable and easily accessible to everyone, particularly to the poorest individuals. An example of such a policy is a tax on sugar sweetened beverages.

The food industry can play a significant role in promoting healthy diets by:

reducing the fat, sugar and salt content of processed foods;
ensuring that healthy and nutritious choices are available and affordable to all consumers;
restricting marketing of foods high in sugars, salt and fats, especially those foods aimed at children and teenagers; and
ensuring the availability of healthy food choices and supporting regular physical activity practice in the workplace.
WHO response
Adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2004 and recognized again in a 2011 political declaration on noncommunicable disease (NCDs), the "WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health" describes the actions needed to support healthy diets and regular physical activity. The Strategy calls upon all stakeholders to take action at global, regional and local levels to improve diets and physical activity patterns at the population level.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes NCDs as a major challenge for sustainable development. As part of the Agenda, Heads of State and Government committed to develop ambitious national responses, by 2030, to reduce by one-third premature mortality from NCDs through prevention and treatment (SDG target 3.4).

The "Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world" provides effective and feasible policy actions to increase physical activity globally. WHO published ACTIVE a technical package to assist countries in planning and delivery of their responses. New WHO guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep in children under five years of age were launched in 2019.

The World Health Assembly welcomed the report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity (2016) and its 6 recommendations to address the obesogenic environment and critical periods in the life course to tackle childhood obesity. The implementation plan to guide countries in taking action to implement the recommendations of the Commission was welcomed by the World Health Assembly in 2017.

 
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In the News Recent case reports have raised the possibility that semaglutide—a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist— could be tied to a higher risk of suicidal ideation . But a retrospective study that included about 241 000 patients with overweight or obesity as well as about 1.6 million patients with type 2 diabetes did not confirm that link. Instead, researchers found the opposite. People taking semaglutide had a lower risk of both first-time and recurrent suicidal ideation compared with those taking non–GLP-1 receptor agonists to manage obesity, such as phentermine, as well as those used to manage type 2 diabetes, such as metformin. Because it was retrospective, the current study could not establish a causal link between semaglutide and the lower risk of suicidal ideation, the researchers—including Nora Volkow, MD, the director of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health—wrote in Nature Medicine. They also noted the need for additional controlled trials to better understand the relationship. 
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The recently licensed weight-loss drug semaglutide 2.4 mg/week (Wegovy, Novo Nordisk) "is likely to usher in a new era in the medical treatment of obesity ," stated Lee M. Kaplan, MD, PhD, at the virtual American Diabetes Association (ADA) 81st Scientific Sessions. Kaplan discussed the clinical implications of caring for patients with obesity now that the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist is approved in the United States for weight loss. Weight loss with semaglutide 2.4 mg was twice that achieved with liraglutide 3 mg (Saxenda, Novo Nordisk) — that is, roughly a 10% to 15% weight loss at 68 weeks, said Kaplan, who was not involved in the pivotal STEP clinical trials of the agent. "I think as we start to see more data come in over the next couple of years," including from the cardiovascular outcome trial SELECT, he continued, "we'll be able to use the data to create a nuanced [individualized patient treatment] approach, but we'll also be able to use our clinical experience, which will grow rapidly over the next few years." In future, semaglutide is likely to be combined with other drugs to provide even greater weight loss, predicts Kaplan, director of the Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition Institute at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. In the meantime, "to be effective, semaglutide needs to be used," he stressed, while noting that responses to the drug vary by individual, and so this will need to be taken into account. "Obesity needs to be recognized as a disease in its own right, as well as a risk factor for numerous other diseases, [and] equitable access to obesity treatment needs to be broadened," he emphasized. Four Pivotal Phase 3 trials As previously reported, four pivotal 68-week, phase 3 clinical trials in the Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People With Obesity (STEP) program tested the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg/week in more than 4500 adults with overweight or obesity. The trials have been published in high profile journals — the New England Journal of Medicine ( STEP 1 ), The Lancet ( STEP 2 ), and JAMA ( STEP 3 , STEP 4 ) — said Robert F. Kushner, MD. "I would encourage all of you to download and read each of these trials on your own," said Kushner, professor of medicine and medicine education at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, in Chicago, Illinois, and coauthor of STEP 1, before presenting a top-level review of key results. STEP 1 examined weight management, STEP 3 added a background of intensive behavioral therapy, STEP 4 investigated sustained weight management, and STEP 2 (unlike the others) investigated weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes , he summarized. In STEP 1, patients who received semaglutide had an average 15% weight loss, and those who stayed on the drug had a 17% weight loss, compared with the 2.4% weight loss in the placebo group. "One third of individuals in the trial achieved at least a 20% weight loss or more," Kushner said, which is "really phenomenal." The results of STEP 3 "suggest that semaglutide with monthly brief lifestyle counseling alone is sufficient to produce a mean weight loss of 15%," he noted, as adding a low-calorie diet and intensive behavior therapy sped up the initial weight loss but did not increase the final weight loss. A post-hoc analysis of STEP 2 showed "it's clear that improvement in A1c " is greater with at least a 10% weight loss versus a smaller weight loss, Kushner said. A1c dropped by 2.2% versus 1.3%, with these two weight losses respectively. In STEP 4, after dose escalation to 2.4 mg at 20 weeks, patients had lost 10.6% of their initial weight. At 68 weeks, those who were switched to placebo at 20 weeks had lost 5.4% of their initial weight, whereas those who remained on semaglutide had lost 17.7% of their initial weight. This shows that "if you remove the drug, the disease starts to come back," Kushner pointed out. Nausea, the most common side effect, occurred in 20% of patients, but was mostly mild or moderate, and gastrointestinal effects including constipation , vomiting, and diarrhea were transient and occurred early in the dose escalation phase. Large Individual Variability, Combination Therapies on Horizon Kaplan pointed out, however, that "like [with] other anti-obesity therapies...there's a large patient-to-patient variability." A third of patients exhibit more than 20% weight loss, and 10% exhibit more than 30% weight loss — approaching the efficacy of b ariatric surgery . However, nearly 10% of patients without diabetes and upwards of 30% of patients with diabetes will experience less than 5% weight loss, he said. Therefore, "success or failure in one patient doesn't predict response in another, and we should always remember that as we treat different patients with these medications," Kaplan advised clinicians. A recent phase 1b study suggests that combination therapy with semaglutide and the amylin agonist cagrilintide ups weight loss, as previously reported . In this short trial with no lifestyle modification, it took 16 weeks for patients to reach full dosing, and at 20 weeks, patients on semaglutide had lost 8% of their initial weight, whereas those on combination therapy had lost 17% of their initial weight. "There's hope that, in combination with cagrilintide and probably with several other agents that are still in early development, we'll be seeing average weight loss that is in the range of that seen with bariatric surgery," Kushner said. Case 1 ou have a patient with type 2 diabetes, a body mass index (BMI) of 32, 33 kg/m 2 , and an A1c of 7.5% or 8% on metformin . Would you use semaglutide 1 mg (Ozempic, Novo Nordisk) that is indicated for type 2 diabetes, or would you use semaglutide 2.4 mg that is indicated for obesity and risk factors? "We have the answer to that from STEP 2," said Melanie J. Davies, MB ChB, MD, professor of diabetes medicine at the University of Leicester, UK, who led the STEP 2 trial. "For some patients, the 1-mg dose, which we use routinely in the clinic, may be reasonable to get good glycemic control for cardiovascular protection and will obviously achieve some weight loss. But if you really want to go for the weight-related comorbidities, then the 2.4-mg dose is what you need," she said. Dr Melanie J. Davies "A lot of [clinicians] might say: 'I'll see how [the patient goes] with the 1-mg dose, and then maybe if they're not losing the weight and not getting to glycemic target, then maybe I'll switch to 2.4 mg,'" said John Wilding, MD, who leads clinical research into obesity, diabetes, and endocrinology at the University of Liverpool, in the UK, and led the STEP 1 trial. "But the STEP 2 data show very clearly that you get almost the same A1c," Rosenstock interjected. "I would go for 2.4 mg. The patient has a BMI of 32, 33 kg/m 2 . I would hit hard the BMI. We need to change that paradigm." "For other diseases we don't always go to the maximum dose that's available. We go to the dose that's necessary to achieve the clinical endpoint that we want," Kaplan noted. "I think one of the challenges is going to be to learn how to clinically nuance our therapy the way we do for other diseases." "That is the usual thinking," Rosenstock agreed. But "with the 2.4-mg dose, one third get a 20% reduction of BMI, and 10% get almost a 30% reduction — and you [aren't] going to see that with semaglutide 1 mg!" "That's true," Kaplan conceded. However, a patient with a relatively low BMI of 32, 33 kg/m 2 may not need the higher dose, unlike a patient who has a BMI of 45 kg/m 2 and diabetes. But we're going to find that out over the next couple of years, he expects. Case 2 Dr John Wilding You have a patient with a BMI of 31 kg/m 2 who is newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Why should you start them with metformin? Why won't you start them with something that will directly tackle obesity and get the patient to lose 20 pounds and for sure the blood sugar is going to be better? "I think if I have someone who is really keen to put their diabetes into remission," Wilding said, "this would be a fantastic approach because they would have a really high chance of doing that." The prediabetes data from STEP showed that "we can put a lot of people from prediabetes back to normal glucose tolerance," Wilding noted. "Maybe we can put people with early diabetes back to normal as well. I think that's a trial that really does need to be done," he said. "I think you have to remember that of the millions and millions of people with obesity, a very small portion are currently treated with anti-obesity medication, and an even smaller portion are getting bariatric surgery," Kaplan replied. "In the United States, 90% of people who get bariatric surgery are self-referred," he said, so, "I think initially we are not going to see much of a change" in rates of bariatric surgery. 12 3 4 Next
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